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Introduction
I. Doctrine [slug: volume-i-doctrine]
- 1. An Introduction to Evidence Law [slug: chapter-1-an-introduction-to-evidence-law]
  - 1.1 Defining "Evidence" [slug: section-1-1-defining-evidence]
  - 1.2 Philosophical Underpinnings of Evidence
  - 1.3 Historical Evolution and Sources of Evidence Law
  - 1.4 Key Roles in the Evidentiary Process
- 2. Relevance, Probative Value, and Unfair Prejudice [slug: chapter-2-relevance-probative-value-and-unfair-prejudice]
  - 2.1 Relevance: The Tendency Test [slug: section-2-1-relevance-the-tendency-test]
    - 2.1.1 Defining Logical Relevance (Probativeness)
    - 2.1.2 Defining Materiality (Fact of Consequence)
    - 2.1.3 The General Rule of Admissibility for Relevant Evidence
  - 2.2 Conditional Relevance [slug: section-2-2-conditional-relevance]
    - 2.2.1 Evidence Dependent on Establishing Another Fact
    - 2.2.2 Judge's Screening Role vs. Jury's Determination
  - 2.3 Excluding Relevant Evidence: Unfair Prejudice, Confusion, Delay [slug: section-2-3-excluding-relevant-evidence-unfair-prejudice-confusion-delay]
    - 2.3.1 The Balancing Act
    - 2.3.2 Defining and Identifying Unfair Prejudice
    - None a. Gruesome or Inflammatory Images
    - None b. Controversial Artistic Expression (e.g., Rap Lyrics)
    - None c. Misleading Probabilistic Evidence
    - 2.3.3 Confusion of the Issues & Misleading the Jury
    - 2.3.4 Undue Delay, Waste of Time, Needless Cumulation
    - 2.3.5 The Effect of Stipulations
- 3. Specialized Relevance Rules: Extrinsic Policy Exclusions [slug: chapter-3-specialized-relevance-rules-extrinsic-policy-exclusions]
  - 3.1 Introduction: Balancing Relevance Against Social Policies [slug: section-3-1-introduction-balancing-relevance-against-social-policies]
  - 3.2 Subsequent Remedial Measures [slug: section-3-2-subsequent-remedial-measures]
    - 3.2.1 The Rule and Its Rationale (Encouraging Safety Measures)
    - 3.2.2 Scope and Timing ("After an Earlier Injury or Harm")
    - 3.2.3 Permitted Uses (Impeachment, Ownership/Control, Feasibility)
  - 3.3 Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses [slug: section-3-3-offers-to-pay-medical-and-similar-expenses]
    - 3.3.1 The Rule and Its Rationale (Encouraging Humanitarian Aid)
    - 3.3.2 Scope: Offer/Payment vs. Accompanying Statements/Conduct
  - 3.4 Liability Insurance [slug: section-3-4-liability-insurance]
    - 3.4.1 The Rule and Its Rationale (Avoiding Prejudice)
    - 3.4.2 Permitted Uses (Bias, Agency, Ownership/Control)
  - 3.5 Compromise Offers and Negotiations [slug: section-3-5-compromise-offers-and-negotiations]
    - 3.5.1 The Rule and Its Rationale (Encouraging Settlement)
    - 3.5.2 Scope (Offers, Conduct, Statements during Negotiations)
    - 3.5.3 Requirement of a "Dispute"
    - 3.5.4 Permitted Uses (Bias, Undue Delay, Obstruction, Proving Notice)
  - 3.6 Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements [slug: section-3-6-pleas-plea-discussions-and-related-statements]
    - 3.6.1 The Rule and Its Rationale (Encouraging Plea Bargaining)
    - 3.6.2 Scope (Withdrawn Pleas, Nolo Pleas, Statements in Rule 11/Comparable Proceedings)
    - 3.6.3 Exceptions (Completeness, Perjury Prosecutions)
- 4. Character Evidence [slug: chapter-4-character-evidence]
  - 4.1 Character Evidence Basics: The Propensity Ban [slug: section-4-1-character-evidence-basics-the-propensity-ban]
    - 4.1.1 Defining Character vs. Conduct vs. Credibility
    - 4.1.2 The Danger of Propensity Reasoning
    - 4.1.3 The General Prohibition
  - 4.2 Prior Acts for Non-Propensity Purposes (FRE 404(b)) [slug: section-4-2-prior-acts-for-non-propensity-purposes-fre-404b]
    - 4.2.1 The Rule and Permitted Uses (The "Quasi-Exceptions")
    - 4.2.2 Specific Permitted Purposes
    - None a. Motive
    - None b. Opportunity
    - None c. Intent
    - None d. Preparation
    - None e. Plan
    - None f. Knowledge
    - None g. Identity (including Modus Operandi)
    - None h. Absence of Mistake / Lack of Accident
    - 4.2.3 Procedural Requirements (Notice, Limiting Instructions)
    - 4.2.4 Foundational Standard for Proof of Prior Acts
    - 4.2.5 The Continued Role of FRE 403 Balancing
  - 4.3 Habit and Routine Practice [slug: section-4-3-habit-and-routine-practice]
    - 4.3.1 Distinguishing Habit from Character
    - 4.3.2 Admissibility to Prove Conduct in Conformity
    - 4.3.3 Methods of Proof
  - 4.4 Exceptions to the Propensity Ban in Criminal Cases [slug: section-4-4-exceptions-to-the-propensity-ban-in-criminal-cases]
    - 4.4.1 Character of the Defendant (The "Mercy Rule")
    - 4.4.2 Character of the Victim
    - 4.4.3 Methods of Proving Character When Permitted (Reputation/Opinion)
    - 4.4.4 Specific Instances When Character is an Essential Element
  - 4.5 Character Evidence of a Witness (Impeachment & Rehabilitation) [slug: section-4-5-character-evidence-of-a-witness-impeachment-rehabilitation]
    - 4.5.1 Relevance to Credibility
    - 4.5.2 Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness (FRE 608)
    - None a. Reputation or Opinion Testimony
    - None b. Specific Instances of Conduct (On Cross-Examination)
    - 4.5.3 Impeachment by Evidence of Criminal Conviction (FRE 609)
    - None a. Crimes Punishable by Death or >1 Year Imprisonment (Felonies)
    - None b. Crimes Involving Dishonesty or False Statement (Crimen Falsi)
    - None c. Time Limits, Pardons, Juvenile Adjudications
  - 4.6 Specialized Rules for Sex-Offense Cases [slug: section-4-6-specialized-rules-for-sex-offense-cases]
    - 4.6.1 Victim's Sexual Behavior or Predisposition (Rape Shield Laws)
    - None a. General Exclusionary Rule
    - None b. Exceptions in Criminal and Civil Cases
    - None c. Constitutional Limits (Confrontation/Due Process)
    - 4.6.2 Defendant's Other Sexual Offenses
  - 4.7 Alternative Approaches and Critiques of Character Evidence [slug: section-4-7-alternative-approaches-and-critiques-of-character-evidence]
  - 4.8 Summary and Review Chart: Navigating Character Evidence [slug: section-4-8-summary-and-review-chart-navigating-character-evidence]
- 5. Testimonial Evidence: Witnesses and Examination [slug: chapter-5-testimonial-evidence-witnesses-and-examination]
  - 5.1 Witness Competence and Eligibility [slug: section-5-1-witness-competence-and-eligibility]
    - 5.1.1 General Presumption of Competency
    - 5.1.2 Personal Knowledge Requirement
    - 5.1.3 Oath or Affirmation Requirement
    - 5.1.4 Prohibitions: Judge and Juror as Witness
    - 5.1.5 Special Considerations (Children, Mentally Impaired)
  - 5.2 Modes and Order of Examination [slug: section-5-2-modes-and-order-of-examination]
    - 5.2.1 Court's Control Over Examination
    - 5.2.2 Scope of Cross-Examination
    - 5.2.3 Leading Questions
    - 5.2.4 Court Calling and Interrogating Witnesses
    - 5.2.5 Excluding Witnesses (Sequestration)
  - 5.3 Impeachment and Rehabilitation [slug: section-5-3-impeachment-and-rehabilitation]
    - 5.3.1 Who May Impeach
    - 5.3.2 Overview of Impeachment Methods
    - None a. Bias, Interest, Prejudice, Corruption
    - None b. Sensory or Mental Capacity Defects
    - None c. Prior Inconsistent Statements (FRE 613 - Foundation, Extrinsic Evidence)
    - None d. Contradiction
    - None e. Character for Untruthfulness (See Chapter 4, Section 4.5.2)
    - None f. Prior Criminal Convictions (See Chapter 4, Section 4.5.3)
    - 5.3.3 Rehabilitation Techniques
    - None a. Explaining or Denying Impeaching Evidence
    - None b. Evidence of Character for Truthfulness (Opposing Attack - FRE 608(a))
    - None c. Prior Consistent Statements (See Chapter 6, Section 6.3.2)
  - 5.4 Refreshing Recollection and Recorded Recollection [slug: section-5-4-refreshing-recollection-and-recorded-recollection]
    - 5.4.1 Refreshing Recollection with Writings/Objects
    - 5.4.2 Recorded Recollection (Hearsay Exception - Contrast with 612)
    - None Part II: Hearsay, Opinions, Privileges, Writings, and Authentication
- 6. The Hearsay Conundrum [slug: chapter-6-the-hearsay-conundrum]
  - 6.1 The Rule Against Hearsay and Its Rationale [slug: section-6-1-the-rule-against-hearsay-and-its-rationale]
    - 6.1.1 The General Exclusionary Rule
    - 6.1.2 Defining Hearsay: The Core Elements
    - None a. "Statement" (Oral, Written, Nonverbal Conduct Intended as Assertion)
    - None b. "Declarant"
    - None c. Made "Out of Court" (Other than at current trial/hearing)
    - None d. Offered for the "Truth of the Matter Asserted" (TOMA)
    - 6.1.3 Understanding the Hearsay Dangers (Perception, Memory, Narration, Sincerity)
    - 6.1.4 The Problem of Implied Assertions
  - 6.2 Statements That Are Not Hearsay (Non-TOMA Uses) [slug: section-6-2-statements-that-are-not-hearsay-non-toma-uses]
    - 6.2.1 Verbal Acts (Legally Operative Conduct)
    - 6.2.2 Effect on Listener/Reader
    - 6.2.3 Circumstantial Evidence of Declarant's State of Mind
    - 6.2.4 Impeachment by Prior Inconsistent Statement (Non-Substantive Use)
  - 6.3 Statements Defined as Non-Hearsay (Exclusions under FRE 801(d)) [slug: section-6-3-statements-defined-as-non-hearsay-exclusions-under-fre-801d]
    - 6.3.1 Opposing Party's Statements (Formerly "Admissions")
    - None a. Party's Own Statement
    - None b. Adoptive Statements
    - None c. Authorized Statements
    - None d. Agent/Employee Statements
    - None e. Co-Conspirator Statements
    - 6.3.2 Declarant-Witness's Prior Statements
    - None a. Prior Inconsistent Statements (Made under penalty of perjury)
    - None b. Prior Consistent Statements (To rebut charge of fabrication/improper influence)
    - None c. Prior Statements of Identification
  - 6.4 Hearsay Exceptions: Availability of Declarant Immaterial (FRE 803) [slug: section-6-4-hearsay-exceptions-availability-of-declarant-immaterial-fre-803]
    - 6.4.1 Rationale: Circumstantial Guarantees of Trustworthiness
    - 6.4.2 Present Sense Impression
    - 6.4.3 Excited Utterance
    - 6.4.4 Then-Existing Mental, Emotional, or Physical Condition
    - 6.4.5 Statements for Purposes of Medical Diagnosis or Treatment
    - 6.4.6 Recorded Recollection
    - 6.4.7 Records of Regularly Conducted Activity (Business Records)
    - 6.4.8 Absence of a Record of Regularly Conducted Activity
    - 6.4.9 Public Records and Reports
    - 6.4.10 Absence of a Public Record
    - 6.4.11 Records of Vital Statistics
    - 6.4.12 Records Concerning Property Interests
    - 6.4.13 Ancient Documents
    - 6.4.14 Market Reports and Commercial Publications
    - 6.4.15 Learned Treatises, Periodicals, or Pamphlets
    - 6.4.16 Reputation Concerning Boundaries, History, Character
    - 6.4.17 Judgments of Previous Conviction / Other Judgments
  - 6.5 Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Must Be Unavailable (FRE 804) [slug: section-6-5-hearsay-exceptions-declarant-must-be-unavailable-fre-804]
    - 6.5.1 Defining "Unavailability"
    - 6.5.2 Former Testimony
    - 6.5.3 Statement Under the Belief of Imminent Death (Dying Declaration)
    - 6.5.4 Statement Against Interest
    - 6.5.5 Statement of Personal or Family History
    - 6.5.6 Statement Offered Against a Party That Wrongfully Caused the Declarant's Unavailability (Forfeiture by Wrongdoing)
  - 6.6 The Residual Exception [slug: section-6-6-the-residual-exception]
    - 6.6.1 The "Catch-All" Provision
    - 6.6.2 Judicial Application and Interpretation (Sparingly Used)
  - 6.7 Structural Hearsay Issues & Related Rules [slug: section-6-7-structural-hearsay-issues-related-rules]
    - 6.7.1 Hearsay Within Hearsay (Multiple Hearsay)
    - 6.7.2 Attacking and Supporting the Declarant's Credibility
    - 6.7.3 Relationship to Personal Knowledge Requirement
    - 6.7.4 Judge's Role in Determining Admissibility (Preliminary Questions)
    - 6.7.5 Policy Considerations Reflected in Advisory Committee Notes
  - 6.8 The Confrontation Clause Interface (Introduction) [slug: section-6-8-the-confrontation-clause-interface-introduction]
    - 6.8.1 Constitutional Limitation in Criminal Cases (Preview Chapter 8)
    - 6.8.2 Focus on "Testimonial" Out-of-Court Statements
    - 6.8.3 Basic Crawford Framework (Unavailability & Prior Opportunity for Cross)
  - 6.9 Alternative Approaches and Strategic Considerations [slug: section-6-9-alternative-approaches-and-strategic-considerations]
    - 6.9.1 Historical Perspectives and Critiques
  - 6.10 Summary and Review: Navigating the Hearsay Maze [slug: section-6-10-summary-and-review-navigating-the-hearsay-maze]
- 7. Opinions and Expert Testimony [slug: chapter-7-opinions-and-expert-testimony]
  - 7.1 Lay Witness Opinion Testimony [slug: section-7-1-lay-witness-opinion-testimony]
    - 7.1.1 Requirements and Limitations
    - 7.1.2 Common Examples (Speed, Intoxication, Emotion, Sanity, Handwriting)
    - 7.1.3 Distinguishing Lay Opinion from Expert Opinion
    - 7.1.4 Notes on Practical Application
  - 7.2 Expert Witness Testimony: Introduction and Qualifications [slug: section-7-2-expert-witness-testimony-introduction-and-qualifications]
    - 7.2.1 The Role of Experts in Modern Litigation
    - 7.2.2 Foundational Requirements for Expert Testimony
    - 7.2.3 Qualifying the Expert
    - None Voir Dire Examination of Experts
  - 7.3 Requirements for Admissibility of Expert Testimony [slug: section-7-3-requirements-for-admissibility-of-expert-testimony]
    - 7.3.1 Helpfulness to the Trier of Fact
    - 7.3.2 Sufficient Factual Basis
    - None Disclosure of Underlying Facts/Data
    - None Experts Relying on Inadmissible Evidence
    - None Relationship to Learned Treatise Exception
    - 7.3.3 Reliability of Principles and Methods
    - None The Evolution from Frye to Daubert
    - None Extending Daubert to Technical/Other Specialized Knowledge
    - None Post-Daubert Amendments to FRE 702
  - 7.4 Opinion on the Ultimate Issue [slug: section-7-4-opinion-on-the-ultimate-issue]
    - 7.4.1 General Rule: Not Automatically Objectionable
    - 7.4.2 Exception: Mental State in Criminal Cases
  - 7.5 Specific Applications and Challenges: Forensic Science [slug: section-7-5-specific-applications-and-challenges-forensic-science]
    - 7.5.1 Applying Daubert/FRE 702 to Forensic Disciplines
    - 7.5.2 Critiques of Pattern-Matching and Experience-Based Fields
    - 7.5.3 Case Law Examples
  - 7.6 Court-Appointed Experts [slug: section-7-6-court-appointed-experts]
  - 7.7 Alternative Approaches to Expert Evidence [slug: section-7-7-alternative-approaches-to-expert-evidence]
  - 7.8 Contemporary Challenges in Expert Testimony [slug: section-7-8-contemporary-challenges-in-expert-testimony]
    - 7.8.1 AI-Based Experts and Algorithmic Evidence
    - 7.8.2 Data Analytics and Complex Financial Testimony
- 8. Privileges and Confidentiality [slug: chapter-8-privileges-and-confidentiality]
  - 8.1 Privilege Fundamentals [slug: section-8-1-privilege-fundamentals]
    - 8.1.1 Source and Governing Law
    - 8.1.2 Purpose and Public Policy Rationale (Protecting relationships/confidences)
    - 8.1.3 Development of Privileges Under Common Law
    - 8.1.4 Asserting and Waiving Privilege (Holder, burden, scope of waiver)
  - 8.2 Attorney-Client Privilege [slug: section-8-2-attorney-client-privilege]
    - 8.2.1 Essential Elements (Communication, Confidentiality, Client/Attorney, Legal Advice)
    - 8.2.2 The Client (Individual, Corporate - Upjohn considerations)
    - 8.2.3 The Attorney (Including agents)
    - 8.2.4 Confidential Communication (Intent and circumstances)
    - 8.2.5 For the Purpose of Legal Advice
    - 8.2.6 Exceptions (Crime-Fraud, Client-Attorney Disputes, Joint Clients)
    - 8.2.7 Duration of the Privilege
  - 8.3 Work Product Doctrine [slug: section-8-3-work-product-doctrine]
    - 8.3.1 Distinction from Attorney-Client Privilege (Protecting litigation preparation)
    - 8.3.2 Scope (Documents/tangible things prepared in anticipation of litigation)
    - 8.3.3 Qualified vs. Absolute Protection (Opinion work product)
    - 8.3.4 Overcoming the Protection (Substantial Need, Undue Hardship)
  - 8.4 Spousal Privileges [slug: section-8-4-spousal-privileges]
    - 8.4.1 Adverse Testimonial Privilege
    - None Held by the testifying spouse
    - None Applies only during a valid marriage
    - None Covers any testimony adverse to the defendant spouse
    - 8.4.2 Confidential Marital Communications Privilege
    - None Held by both spouses
    - None Applies to communications made during marriage
    - None Requires intent of confidentiality
    - None Survives divorce/death
    - 8.4.3 Exceptions (Crimes against spouse/child, joint participation in crime)
  - 8.5 Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege [slug: section-8-5-psychotherapist-patient-privilege]
    - 8.5.1 Recognized Under Federal Common Law (Jaffee)
    - 8.5.2 Scope and Rationale
    - 8.5.3 Potential Exceptions (e.g., Dangerous Patient)
  - 8.6 Clergy-Penitent Privilege [slug: section-8-6-clergy-penitent-privilege]
    - 8.6.1 Rationale and Scope (Confidential communications for spiritual guidance)
    - 8.6.2 Who Qualifies as Clergy/Penitent
  - 8.7 Other Potential Federal or State Privileges [slug: section-8-7-other-potential-federal-or-state-privileges]
    - 8.7.1 Physician-Patient (Generally State Law, not Federal Common Law)
    - 8.7.2 Journalist's Privilege (Qualified privilege, balancing test)
    - 8.7.3 Parent-Child Privilege (Limited recognition)
    - 8.7.4 Self-Critical Analysis / Safety Privileges
    - None Statutory Examples:
    - None Common Law Development and Limits:
    - 8.7.5 Governmental Privileges (State Secrets, Deliberative Process, Investigatory)
    - None Speech or Debate Clause
    - None Executive Privilege
  - 8.8 Waiver of Privilege [slug: section-8-8-waiver-of-privilege]
    - 8.8.1 Express Waiver
    - 8.8.2 Implied Waiver (e.g., Putting communication at issue)
    - 8.8.3 Inadvertent Disclosure (FRE 502 considerations)
    - 8.8.4 Failure to Assert Timely Objection
- 9. Authentication, Identification, and the Contents of Writings [slug: chapter-9-authentication-identification-and-the-contents-of-writings]
  - 9.1 Authentication and Identification Requirement [slug: section-9-1-authentication-and-identification-requirement]
    - 9.1.1 The Basic Rule: Proving Genuineness
    - None Preliminary Determination by Judge
    - 9.1.2 Methods of Authentication (Illustrative Examples)
  - 9.2 Authenticating Specific Types of Evidence [slug: section-9-2-authenticating-specific-types-of-evidence]
    - 9.2.1 Real (Physical) Evidence
    - None Testimony of Witness with Knowledge (FRE 901(b)(1))
    - None Distinctive Characteristics (FRE 901(b)(4))
    - None Chain of Custody Requirements
    - 9.2.2 Documents
    - None Handwriting Verification (Lay, Expert, Trier Comparison) (FRE 901(b)(2), (b)(3))
    - None Ancient Documents (Rule 901(b)(8))
    - None Public Records (Rule 901(b)(7))
    - 9.2.3 Voice Identification and Telephone Conversations
    - 9.2.4 Photographs, Videos, and Images
    - None Witness with Knowledge (FRE 901(b)(1))
    - None Process or System Description (FRE 901(b)(9) - "Silent Witness" theory)
    - 9.2.5 Electronic and Digital Evidence (ESI) (See also Chapter 11)
    - None Distinctive Characteristics (Metadata, Hash Values)
    - None Process/System Authentication
    - None Challenges with Social Media, Emails, Texts
  - 9.3 Self-Authenticating Documents [slug: section-9-3-self-authenticating-documents]
    - 9.3.1 No Extrinsic Evidence of Authenticity Required
    - 9.3.2 Common Examples (Certified Public Records, Official Publications, Newspapers, Trade Inscriptions, Notarized Documents, Commercial Paper)
    - 9.3.3 Recent Amendments Regarding ESI (FRE 902(13), (14))
  - 9.4 The "Original Document" Rule (Formerly Best Evidence Rule) [slug: section-9-4-the-original-document-rule-formerly-best-evidence-rule]
    - 9.4.1 Requirement of the Original Writing, Recording, or Photograph
    - 9.4.2 Definitions
    - 9.4.3 Admissibility of Duplicates
    - 9.4.4 Exceptions: When the Original is Not Required
    - 9.4.5 Application Challenges
  - 9.5 Other Rules Related to Contents [slug: section-9-5-other-rules-related-to-contents]
    - 9.5.1 Public Records Exception
    - 9.5.2 Summaries of Voluminous Materials
    - 9.5.3 Testimony or Statement of a Party to Prove Content
    - 9.5.4 Role of Judge and Jury Regarding Content Issues
  - 9.6 Physical and Demonstrative Evidence Considerations [slug: section-9-6-physical-and-demonstrative-evidence-considerations]
    - 9.6.1 Tangible Objects (Relevance, Authentication review, Chain of Custody review)
    - 9.6.2 Demonstrative Exhibits (Illustrations, Models, Simulations)
    - None Foundation: Fair and Accurate Representation
    - None Balancing Persuasiveness and Prejudice (FRE 403)
    - 9.6.3 Impact and Ethical Use
    - None Part III: Trial Practice, Constitutional Limits, and Advanced Topics
- 10. Trial Mechanics: Objections, Motions, and Preservation of Error [slug: chapter-10-trial-mechanics-objections-motions-and-preservation-of-error]
  - 10.1 Making the Record: Rulings on Evidence [slug: section-10-1-making-the-record-rulings-on-evidence]
    - 10.1.1 The Importance of Preserving Error for Appeal
    - 10.1.2 Timeliness and Specificity Requirements for Objections
    - 10.1.3 Offers of Proof (Proffers): Content and Procedure
    - 10.1.4 Shielding the Jury from Inadmissible Evidence
    - 10.1.5 Plain Error Review
    - 10.1.6 Strategic Waiver and Invited Error Issues
  - 10.2 Preliminary Questions of Admissibility [slug: section-10-2-preliminary-questions-of-admissibility]
    - 10.2.1 Judge's Role in Determining Admissibility
    - 10.2.2 Conditional Relevance (Review)
    - 10.2.3 Conducting Hearings Outside Jury Presence
    - 10.2.4 Testimony by Accused on Preliminary Matters
  - 10.3 Motions *in Limine* [slug: section-10-3-motions-in-limine]
    - 10.3.1 Purpose: Seeking Advance Rulings
    - 10.3.2 Strategic Considerations (Offensive and Defensive)
    - 10.3.3 Preserving Error After in Limine Rulings
  - 10.4 Limited Admissibility [slug: section-10-4-limited-admissibility]
    - 10.4.1 Admitting Evidence for a Proper Purpose Only
    - 10.4.2 The Role and Effectiveness of Limiting Instructions
  - 10.5 Rule of Completeness [slug: section-10-5-rule-of-completeness]
    - 10.5.1 Introducing Related Writings or Recorded Statements
  - 10.6 Curative Admissibility ("Opening the Door") [slug: section-10-6-curative-admissibility-opening-the-door]
    - 10.6.1 Responding to Inadmissible Evidence Introduced by Opponent
    - 10.6.2 Scope and Limitations
- 11. Judicial Notice, Presumptions, and Burdens of Proof [slug: chapter-11-judicial-notice-presumptions-and-burdens-of-proof]
  - 11.1 Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts [slug: section-11-1-judicial-notice-of-adjudicative-facts]
    - 11.1.1 The Concept: Accepting Facts Without Formal Proof
    - 11.1.2 Procedures for Taking Notice
    - 11.1.3 Instructing the Jury: Civil vs. Criminal Cases
    - 11.1.4 Examples and Application
  - 11.2 Presumptions in Civil Cases [slug: section-11-2-presumptions-in-civil-cases]
    - 11.2.1 Nature and Function of Presumptions
    - 11.2.2 Applying State Law in Diversity Cases
    - 11.2.3 Common Law Presumptions and Examples
    - None Res Ipsa Loquitur
    - None Mailing/Receipt
    - None Discrimination
    - None Statutory Presumptions
    - None Constitutional Dimensions (Conclusive Presumptions)
  - 11.3 Presumptions in Criminal Cases [slug: section-11-3-presumptions-in-criminal-cases]
    - 11.3.1 Constitutional Constraints (Due Process, Burden of Proof)
    - 11.3.2 Permissive Inferences vs. Mandatory Presumptions
  - 11.4 Burdens of Proof [slug: section-11-4-burdens-of-proof]
    - 11.4.1 Burden of Pleading, Production, and Persuasion
    - 11.4.2 Standards of Proof (Preponderance, Clear & Convincing, Beyond Reasonable Doubt)
- 12. Constitutional Limits on Evidence Rules [slug: chapter-12-constitutional-limits-on-evidence-rules]
  - 12.1 The Confrontation Clause (Sixth Amendment) [slug: section-12-1-the-confrontation-clause-sixth-amendment]
    - 12.1.1 Text and Purpose
    - 12.1.2 Historical Origins and Evolution of the Right
    - None Pre-Crawford Era
    - None The Crawford Revolution: Focus on "Testimonial" Statements
    - 12.1.3 Defining "Testimonial" Statements
    - None Statements During Police Interrogation
    - None Forensic Laboratory Reports
    - 12.1.4 Exceptions to the Confrontation Right
    - None Declarant Appears for Cross-Examination
    - None Dying Declarations
    - None Forfeiture by Wrongdoing
    - None Co-Defendant Confessions (Bruton Issues)
  - 12.2 Due Process Limits on Evidence Rules [slug: section-12-2-due-process-limits-on-evidence-rules]
    - 12.2.1 Right to Present a Defense vs. Rule Application
    - None Arbitrary Exclusion of Critical Defense Evidence
    - 12.2.2 Reliability of Evidence
    - None Prosecution's Use of Unreliable Evidence
    - None Reliability of Eyewitness Identification
    - 12.2.3 Unfair Prejudice and Trial Fairness
    - None Potential Due Process Implications of Highly Prejudicial Evidence
    - None Juror Bias and Competency Issues
    - None Rule Against Juror Impeachment of Verdicts
    - None Exception for External Influences
    - None Exception for Racial Bias
- 13. Digital Evidence and Technology [slug: chapter-13-digital-evidence-and-technology]
  - 13.1 Overview of Digital Evidence [slug: section-13-1-overview-of-digital-evidence]
    - 13.1.1 Emails, Texts, Social Media, Chat Logs
    - 13.1.2 Computer Files, Logs, Metadata, Internet History
    - 13.1.3 Mobile Device Data (Location, Call Logs, App Data)
  - 13.2 Authentication of Digital Evidence [slug: section-13-2-authentication-of-digital-evidence]
    - 13.2.1 Applying FRE 901(b) Methods (Distinctive Characteristics, Process/System)
    - 13.2.2 Authorship/Attribution Challenges (Who created/sent it?)
    - 13.2.3 Use of Metadata, Hash Values, Forensic Expert Testimony
    - 13.2.4 Self-Authentication of ESI under FRE 902(13) & (14)
  - 13.3 Hearsay Issues with Digital Evidence [slug: section-13-3-hearsay-issues-with-digital-evidence]
    - 13.3.1 Statements Made by People via Digital Means (Standard Analysis)
    - 13.3.2 Machine-Generated Data (Is it a "statement" by a "declarant"?)
    - 13.3.3 Business/Public Records Exceptions Applied to ESI (FRE 803(6), (8))
  - 13.4 Original Document Rule (FRE Article X) and Digital Evidence [slug: section-13-4-original-document-rule-fre-article-x-and-digital-evidence]
    - 13.4.1 Defining "Original" and "Duplicate" for ESI (FRE 1001(d), (e))
    - 13.4.2 Admissibility of Printouts and Digital Copies (FRE 1003)
    - 13.4.3 Summaries of Voluminous ESI (FRE 1006)
  - 13.5 Chain of Custody in Digital Environments [slug: section-13-5-chain-of-custody-in-digital-environments]
    - 13.5.1 Ensuring Data Integrity (Preventing Alteration/Tampering)
    - 13.5.2 Forensic Tools and Methodologies (Imaging, Write-Blocking)
  - 13.6 Privacy, Search, and Seizure Concerns [slug: section-13-6-privacy-search-and-seizure-concerns]
    - 13.6.1 Fourth Amendment Implications
    - 13.6.2 Stored Communications Act (SCA) and other statutory protections
  - 13.7 Presentation of Digital Evidence [slug: section-13-7-presentation-of-digital-evidence]
    - 13.7.1 Making Complex Data Understandable to Juries
    - 13.7.2 Use of Demonstrative Exhibits vs. Admission of Raw Data
- 14. Evidence in Specific Contexts [slug: chapter-14-evidence-in-specific-contexts]
  - 14.1 Administrative Proceedings [slug: section-14-1-administrative-proceedings]
    - 14.1.1 Burdens and Standards of Proof (Review)
    - 14.1.2 Application of Relevance and Prejudice Thresholds (FRE 403 Balancing)
    - 14.1.3 Constitutional Rights Unique to Criminal Defendants (Confrontation, Self-Incrimination)
  - 14.2 Special Criminal Evidentiary Rules & Issues [slug: section-14-2-special-criminal-evidentiary-rules-issues]
    - 14.2.1 Character Evidence Rules (Review Chapter 4 emphasis)
    - 14.2.2 Confessions and Admissions (Miranda, Voluntariness)
    - 14.2.3 Confrontation Clause (Review Chapter 12 emphasis)
    - 14.2.4 Plea Bargaining Statements (Review FRE 410, Chapter 3)
  - 14.3 Evidence in Common Civil Litigation Areas [slug: section-14-3-evidence-in-common-civil-litigation-areas]
    - 14.3.1 Tort Cases (Negligence, Products Liability - SRM, Habit, Experts)
    - 14.3.2 Contract Cases (Parol Evidence Rule interface, Custom/Usage)
    - 14.3.3 Employment Discrimination (Burden-shifting frameworks, Character/404(b))
    - 14.3.4 Intellectual Property (Original Document Rule, Experts)
  - 14.4 Evidence in Specialized Judicial Proceedings [slug: section-14-4-evidence-in-specialized-judicial-proceedings]
    - 14.4.1 Family Law (Child Hearsay Exceptions, Character, Experts)
    - 14.4.2 Probate Courts (Dead Man's Statutes - State Specific, Wills exceptions)
    - 14.4.3 Bankruptcy Courts
  - 14.5 Evidence in Administrative Hearings [slug: section-14-5-evidence-in-administrative-hearings]
    - 14.5.1 Relaxed Application of Formal Rules
    - 14.5.2 "Substantial Evidence" Standard
    - 14.5.3 Due Process Considerations
  - 14.6 Evidence in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) [slug: section-14-6-evidence-in-alternative-dispute-resolution-adr]
    - 14.6.1 Arbitration Evidence Protocols (Flexibility, Party Agreements)
    - 14.6.2 Mediation Confidentiality Rules and Statutes
    - 14.6.3 Enforceability of ADR Evidence Stipulations
- 15. Ethical Duties and Professional Responsibility Affecting Evidence [slug: chapter-15-ethical-duties-and-professional-responsibility-affecting-evidence]
  - 15.1 Client Counseling and Candor [slug: section-15-1-client-counseling-and-candor]
    - 15.1.1 Prohibition on False Statements of Fact or Law
    - 15.1.2 Duty Regarding False Evidence (Knowledge of Perjury)
    - 15.1.3 Disclosure of Adverse Legal Authority
  - 15.2 Fairness to Opposing Party and Counsel [slug: section-15-2-fairness-to-opposing-party-and-counsel]
    - 15.2.1 Obstructing Access to Evidence
    - 15.2.2 Falsifying Evidence, Counseling False Testimony
    - 15.2.3 Improper Discovery Practices (Spoliation)
  - 15.3 Ethical Evidence Gathering and Investigation [slug: section-15-3-ethical-evidence-gathering-and-investigation]
    - 15.3.1 Respect for Rights of Third Persons (Improper acquisition)
    - 15.3.2 Communicating with Represented/Unrepresented Persons
    - 15.3.3 Witness Preparation vs. Impermissible Coaching
  - 15.4 Handling Inadmissible or Prejudicial Evidence [slug: section-15-4-handling-inadmissible-or-prejudicial-evidence]
    - 15.4.1 Trial Tactics (Improper questioning, alluding to inadmissible facts)
    - 15.4.2 Obligations Regarding Inadvertently Received Confidential Information
  - 15.5 Conflicts of Interest in Evidence Presentation [slug: section-15-5-conflicts-of-interest-in-evidence-presentation]
    - 15.5.1 Impact of Representation Conflicts on Evidence Strategy
    - 15.5.2 Lawyer as Witness Issues
- 16. Evidentiary Strategy and Advocacy [slug: chapter-16-evidentiary-strategy-and-advocacy]
  - 16.1 Pre-Trial Planning [slug: section-16-1-pre-trial-planning]
    - 16.1.1 Developing a Case Theory and Theme
    - 16.1.2 Crafting an Evidentiary Roadmap (What proof for each element)
    - 16.1.3 Discovery Planning and Execution (Anticipating evidentiary needs)
    - 16.1.4 Motions in Limine Strategy (Review Chapter 10)
  - 16.2 Presenting Evidence Effectively [slug: section-16-2-presenting-evidence-effectively]
    - 16.2.1 Order and Manner of Proof
    - None Court's Control
    - None Strategic Considerations
    - 16.2.2 Direct Examination Techniques (Building the narrative)
    - 16.2.3 Cross-Examination Strategies (Control, impeachment, concessions)
    - 16.2.4 Introducing Exhibits (Foundations, timing)
    - 16.2.5 Using Demonstrative Aids Persuasively and Ethically
  - 16.3 Storytelling and Persuasion Through Evidence [slug: section-16-3-storytelling-and-persuasion-through-evidence]
    - 16.3.1 Connecting Evidence to Themes in Openings/Closings
    - 16.3.2 Juror Cognition and Decision-Making Models
    - None Bayesian Models of Proof
    - None Story Models of Proof
  - 16.4 Responding to Evidentiary Challenges [slug: section-16-4-responding-to-evidentiary-challenges]
    - 16.4.1 Making Timely and Effective Objections
    - 16.4.2 Responding to Objections (Anticipating, arguing admissibility)
    - 16.4.3 Adapting Strategy When Evidence is Excluded/Admitted Unexpectedly
- 17. Emerging Issues, Reform, and State Variations [slug: chapter-17-emerging-issues-reform-and-state-variations]
  - 17.1 Current Reform Debates [slug: section-17-1-current-reform-debates]
    - 17.1.1 Scope of Privileges in the Modern Era
    - 17.1.2 Rethinking Character Evidence Rules
    - 17.1.3 Hearsay Reform Proposals (Review Chapter 6)
  - 17.2 Global and Cross-Border Evidence Issues [slug: section-17-2-global-and-cross-border-evidence-issues]
    - 17.2.1 Obtaining Evidence Abroad (Hague Convention, MLATs)
    - 17.2.2 E-Discovery Across Borders
    - 17.2.3 Admissibility of Foreign Documents/Testimony
  - 17.3 Divergences Between Federal and State Systems
    - 17.3.1 State-Specific Evidence Codes (Variations from FRE)
    - 17.3.2 Choice-of-Law Issues (Privilege in diversity cases - FRE 501)
    - 17.3.3 Examples of Unique State Innovations or Departures
  - 17.4 Harmonization Trends and Multistate Practice
    - 17.4.1 Influence of the FRE on State Rules
    - 17.4.2 Practical Guidance for Navigating Jurisdictional Differences
- 18. Practical Tools: Checklists, Samples, and Forms (Optional)
  - 18.1 Common Evidentiary Checklists
    - 18.1.1 Objections Checklist
    - 18.1.2 Authentication Checklist (by Evidence Type)
    - 18.1.3 Hearsay Exceptions/Exclusions Checklist
    - 18.1.4 Expert Testimony Foundation Checklist
  - 18.2 Sample Pretrial Motions and Filings
    - 18.2.1 Motion in Limine (Example)
    - 18.2.2 Motion to Suppress (Example)
    - 18.2.3 Notice of Intent to Use FRE 404(b) Evidence
  - 18.3 Model Examination Outlines
    - 18.3.1 Direct Examination (Example Witness)
    - 18.3.2 Cross-Examination (Example Witness)
    - 18.3.3 Foundational Questions for Exhibits
  - 18.4 Illustrative Trial Exhibits
    - 18.4.1 Sample Summary Chart (FRE 1006)
    - 18.4.2 Example Timeline or Infographic
- None Volume I: Doctrine
- None Part I: Foundations, Relevance, and Core Exclusions
II. Codes
- I. General Provisions
  - 1.101 Federal Rule of Evidence 101 - Scope; Definitions
  - 1.102 Federal Rule of Evidence 102 - Purpose
  - 1.103 Federal Rule of Evidence 103 - Rulings on Evidence
  - 1.104 Federal Rule of Evidence 104 - Preliminary Questions
  - 1.105 Federal Rule of Evidence 105 - Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes
  - 1.106 Federal Rule of Evidence 106 - Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements
- II. Judicial Notice
  - 2.201 Federal Rule of Evidence 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts
- III. Presumptions in Civil Cases
  - 3.301 Federal Rule of Evidence 301 - Presumptions in Civil Cases Generally
  - 3.302 Federal Rule of Evidence 302 - Applying State Law in Civil Cases
- IV. Relevance and Its Limits
  - 4.401 Federal Rule of Evidence 401 - Test for Relevant Evidence
  - 4.402 Federal Rule of Evidence 402 - General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence
  - 4.403 Federal Rule of Evidence 403 - Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons
  - 4.404 Federal Rule of Evidence 404 - Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts
  - 4.405 Federal Rule of Evidence 405 - Methods of Proving Character
  - 4.406 Federal Rule of Evidence 406 - Habit; Routine Practice
  - 4.407 Federal Rule of Evidence 407 - Subsequent Remedial Measures
  - 4.408 Federal Rule of Evidence 408 - Compromise Offers and Negotiations
  - 4.409 Federal Rule of Evidence 409 - Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses
  - 4.410 Federal Rule of Evidence 410 - Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements
  - 4.411 Federal Rule of Evidence 411 - Liability Insurance
  - 4.412 Federal Rule of Evidence 412 - Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim's Sexual Behavior or Predisposition
  - 4.413 Federal Rule of Evidence 413 - Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases
  - 4.414 Federal Rule of Evidence 414 - Similar Crimes in Child-Molestation Cases
  - 4.415 Federal Rule of Evidence 415 - Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation
- V. Privileges
  - 5.501 Federal Rule of Evidence 501 - Privilege in General
- VI. Witnesses
  - 6.601 Federal Rule of Evidence 601 - Competency to Testify in General
  - 6.602 Federal Rule of Evidence 602 - Need for Personal Knowledge
  - 6.603 Federal Rule of Evidence 603 - Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully
  - 6.605 Federal Rule of Evidence 605 - Judge's Competency as a Witness
  - 6.606 Federal Rule of Evidence 606 - Juror's Competency as a Witness
  - 6.607 Federal Rule of Evidence 607 - Who May Impeach a Witness
  - 6.608 Federal Rule of Evidence 608 - A Witness's Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness
  - 6.609 Federal Rule of Evidence 609 - Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction
  - 6.611 Federal Rule of Evidence 611 - Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence
  - 6.612 Federal Rule of Evidence 612 - Writing Used to Refresh a Witness's Memory
  - 6.614 Federal Rule of Evidence 614 - Court's Calling or Examining a Witness
  - 6.615 Federal Rule of Evidence 615 - Excluding Witnesses
- VII. Opinions and Expert Testimony
  - 7.701 Federal Rule of Evidence 701 - Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses
  - 7.702 Federal Rule of Evidence 702 - Testimony by Expert Witnesses
  - 7.703 Federal Rule of Evidence 703 - Bases of an Expert's Opinion Testimony
  - 7.704 Federal Rule of Evidence 704 - Opinion on an Ultimate Issue
  - 7.705 Federal Rule of Evidence 705 - Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert's Opinion
  - 7.706 Federal Rule of Evidence 706 - Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses
- VIII. Hearsay
  - 8.801 Federal Rule of Evidence 801 - Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay
  - 8.802 Federal Rule of Evidence 802 - The Rule Against Hearsay
  - 8.803 Federal Rule of Evidence 803 - Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—Regardless of Whether the Declarant Is Available as a Witness
  - 8.804 Federal Rule of Evidence 804 - Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—When the Declarant Is Unavailable as a Witness
  - 8.805 Federal Rule of Evidence 805 - Hearsay Within Hearsay
  - 8.806 Federal Rule of Evidence 806 - Attacking and Supporting the Declarant's Credibility
  - 8.807 Federal Rule of Evidence 807 - Residual Exception
- IX. Authentication and Identification
  - 9.901 Federal Rule of Evidence 901 - Authenticating or Identifying Evidence
  - 9.902 Federal Rule of Evidence 902 - Evidence That Is Self-Authenticating
- X. Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs
  - 10.1001 Federal Rule of Evidence 1001 - Definitions That Apply to This Article
  - 10.1002 Federal Rule of Evidence 1002 - Requirement of the Original
  - 10.1003 Federal Rule of Evidence 1003 - Admissibility of Duplicates
  - 10.1004 Federal Rule of Evidence 1004 - Admissibility of Other Evidence of Content
  - 10.1005 Federal Rule of Evidence 1005 - Copies of Public Records to Prove Content
  - 10.1006 Federal Rule of Evidence 1006 - Summaries to Prove Content
  - 10.1007 Federal Rule of Evidence 1007 - Testimony or Statement of a Party to Prove Content
  - 10.1008 Federal Rule of Evidence 1008 - Functions of the Court and Jury
- XI. Miscellaneous Rules
  - 11.1101 Federal Rule of Evidence 1101 - Applicability of the Rules
    - None (Placeholder for State Codes)
- None Introduction: Understanding the Federal Rules of Evidence
- 1.1 Need for Uniformity and Codification Efforts
- 1.2 Advisory Committee Process and Congressional Debates
- 1.3 Key Influences (Wigmore, Morgan, Thayer) and Policy Goals
- 2.1 Overarching Framework (Purpose, Scope - Rules 101, 102, 1101)
- 2.2 Article Groupings and Themes (I-XI Review)
- 3.1 Rule 102: Construction for Fairness, Efficiency, Truth
- 3.2 Role of Advisory Committee Notes
- 3.3 Interplay Between Rules (e.g., 403 as overarching)
- 4.1 Standing Committee and Judicial Conference Role
- 4.2 Recent Amendments (e.g., ESI, Restyling, Experts)
- 4.3 Future Developments and Areas of Debate
- 5.1 Judicial Discretion within the Rules Framework
- 5.2 Key Differences Between Federal and State Approaches
III. Caselaw
- None CHAPTER 2025:
- None Andrew v. White, 604 U.S. ___ (2025)
- None CHAPTER 2024:
- None Diaz v. United States, 602 U.S. ___ (2024) (Recent Supreme Court application)
- None Smith v. Arizona, 602 U.S. ___ (2024) (Clarifying expert testimony relying on non-testifying analyst's work)
- None United States v. Jordan, No. 20-CR-305(LDH), (E.D.N.Y., Jan. 30, 2024)
- None State v. Mosely, No. ED111999 (Mo. Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2024) (Illustrative case on helpfulness)
- None CHAPTER 2023:
- None Samia v. United States, 599 U.S. 635 (2023) (Redacted confessions)
- None CHAPTER 2022:
- None Steffen v. Northway Resource Development, LLC, 581 F. Supp.3d (D. Minn. 2022)
- None People v. Rodriguez, 508 P.3d 276 (Colo. App. 2022) (Example of chain of custody dispute)
- None CHAPTER 2021:
- None State v. Reeves, 967 N.W.2d 144 (S.D. 2021) (Authenticating digital images/video)
- None CHAPTER 2020:
- None State v. Fortin, 234 A.3d 372 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2020) (Linkage analysis case)
- None CHAPTER 2019:
- None Commonwealth v. Cosby, 224 A.3d 372 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2019) (Example application/controversy)
- None CHAPTER 2017:
- None Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado, 580 U.S. 206 (2017) (Sixth Amendment requires exception to FRE 606(b) for racial bias statements)
- None United States v. Henthorne, 864 F.3d 1241 (10th Cir. 2017)
- None CHAPTER 2015:
- None State v. Tyler, 867 N.W.2d 136 (Iowa 2015) (Example application of FRE 703)
- None CHAPTER 2012:
- None Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228 (2012)
- None Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50 (2012) (Fractured decision; expert basis vs. TOMA)
- None CHAPTER 2011:
- None Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647 (2011) (Surrogate testimony insufficient)
- None Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344 (2011) (Refining the primary purpose test)
- None CHAPTER 2010:
- None Tennessee Code 30-3-102 (2010) (Death declaration)
- None CHAPTER 2009:
- None Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009) (Certificates of analysis are testimonial)
- None CHAPTER 2008:
- None Giles v. California, 554 U.S. 353 (2008)
- None United States v. Elfgeeh, 515 F.3d 100 (2d Cir. 2008) (Example)
- None CHAPTER 2007:
- None Chlopek v. Federal, 499 F.3d 692 (7th Cir. 2007)
- None CHAPTER 2006:
- None Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006) (Primary purpose test: ongoing emergency vs. investigating past events)
- None Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319 (2006) (Rule excluding third-party guilt evidence based on strength of prosecution case)
- None Commonwealth v. Serge, 896 A.2d 1170 (Pa. 2006)
- None State v. Rothlisberger, 147 P.3d 1176 (Utah 2006) (Case illustrating the boundary)
- None CHAPTER 2005:
- None In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Miller, 438 F.3d 1141 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (Compelling testimony from journalists)
- None United States v. Gray, 405 F.3d 227 (4th Cir. 2005)
- None CHAPTER 2004:
- None Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) (Overruling Roberts; unavailability + prior cross required for testimonial hearsay)
- None CHAPTER 2002:
- None United States v. Llera Plaza, 188 F. Supp. 2d 549 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (Fingerprint analysis تحت Daubert scrutiny)
- None CHAPTER 2001:
- None Williams v. McCoy, 550 S.E. 2d 796 (N.C. Ct. App. 2001)
- None CHAPTER 2000:
- None Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753 (2000) (Defensive introduction of prior conviction)
- None Smith v. Groose, 205 F.3d 1045 (8th Cir. 2000) (Inconsistent prosecutorial theories)
- None CHAPTER 1999:
- None Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999)
- None United States v. Vigneau, 187 F.3d 70 (1st Cir. 1999) (Information from outside the business "chain")
- None CHAPTER 1998:
- None (No cases listed for this year)
- None CHAPTER 1997:
- None Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172 (1997)
- None In re Grand Jury, 103 F.3d 1140 (3d Cir. 1997) (Refusing to recognize federal parent-child privilege)
- None United States v. Omar, 104 F.3d 519 (1st Cir. 1997) (Grand jury testimony issues)
- None CHAPTER 1996:
- None Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996) (Recognizing psychotherapist-patient privilege)
- None CHAPTER 1995:
- None Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995) (Premotive requirement)
- None United States v. Trenkler, 61 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 1995)
- None CHAPTER 1994:
- None Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994) (Collateral, non-inculpatory parts of broader narrative)
- None United States v. Ince, 21 F.3d 576 (4th Cir. 1994) (Impeachment vs. Substantive use)
- None CHAPTER 1993:
- None Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993) (Trial judge as gatekeeper; factors: testing, peer review, error rate, standards, general acceptance)
- None CHAPTER 1992:
- None Dowling v. American Hawaii Cruises, Inc., 971 F.2d 423 (9th Cir. 1992) (Requirements for self-critical analysis privilege)
- None CHAPTER 1991:
- None (No cases listed for this year)
- None CHAPTER 1990:
- None United States v. Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1990)
- None CHAPTER 1989:
- None Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110 (1989)
- None CHAPTER 1988:
- None Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988) (Applying FRE 104(b))
- None Olden v. Kentucky, 488 U.S. 227 (1988)
- None CHAPTER 1987:
- None Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987) (Foundation requirements, bootstrapping)
- None Tanner v. United States, 483 U.S. 107 (1987) (Drugs/alcohol not "external")
- None Monger v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 812 F.2d 402 (8th Cir. 1987)
- None Seiler v. Lucasfilm, 808 F.2d 1316 (9th Cir. 1987) (Drawings as writings; proving content)
- None CHAPTER 1980:
- None Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980) ("Indicia of reliability" test)
- None Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40 (1980) (Witness-spouse holds privilege)
- None CHAPTER 1979:
- None County Court of Ulster County v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140 (1979) (Rational connection test)
- None CHAPTER 1978:
- None Lloyd v. American Export Lines, Inc., 580 F.2d 1179 (3d Cir. 1978) ("Predecessor in interest" analysis)
- None Mahlandt v. Wild Canid Survival & Research Center, Inc., 588 F.2d 626 (8th Cir. 1978)
- None CHAPTER 1976:
- None United States v. Gould, 536 F.2d 216 (8th Cir. 1976) (Distinguishing legislative/adjudicative facts)
- None CHAPTER 1974:
- None United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974)
- None Smith v. Savannah Homes, Inc., 389 F. Supp. 384 (1974)
- None United States v. Perry, 496 F.2d 429 (10th Cir. 1974)
- None CHAPTER 1973:
- None Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) (Mechanistic application of hearsay/voucher rules violated due process)
- None CHAPTER 1972:
- None United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501 (1972)
- None CHAPTER 1970:
- None California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149 (1970)
- None CHAPTER 1968:
- None People v. Collins, 68 Cal.2d 319 (1968)
- None State v. Poe, 441 P.2d 512 (Utah 1968)
- None CHAPTER 1967:
- None Gordon v. United States, 383 F.2d 936 (D.C. Cir. 1967) (Factors for balancing)
- None CHAPTER 1965:
- None Hughes v. Vestal, 142 S.E.2d 361 (N.C. 1965) (State example: common knowledge)
- None CHAPTER 1961:
- None Dallas County v. Commercial Union Assurance Co., 286 F.2d 388 (5th Cir. 1961) (Pre-Rules example illustrating rationale)
- None CHAPTER 1958:
- None Mullen v. United States, 263 F.2d 275 (D.C. Cir. 1958) (Early recognition/rationale)
- None CHAPTER 1948:
- None Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948) (Cross-examination on specific instances)
- None CHAPTER 1944:
- None Ybarra v. Spangard, 154 P.2d 687 (Cal. 1944)
- None CHAPTER 1943:
- None Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109 (1943) (Litigation-motivated records)
- None CHAPTER 1934:
- None Wolfle v. United States, 291 U.S. 7 (1934) (Confidentiality requirement)
- None CHAPTER 1933:
- None Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933) (Declarant's state of mind)
- None CHAPTER 1930:
- None People v. Zackowitz, 172 N.E. 466 (N.Y. 1930)
- None CHAPTER 1923:
- None Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir 1923) ("General Acceptance" test)
- None CHAPTER 1897:
- None (No cases listed for this year)
- None CHAPTER 1896:
- None Agnew v. United States, 165 U.S. 36 (1896) (Historical context)
- None CHAPTER 1895:
- None Mattox v. United States, 156 U.S. 237 (1895) (Historical basis)
- None CHAPTER 1892:
- None Mutual Life Insurance v. Hillmon, 145 U.S. 285 (1892) (Statement of intent to prove future action)
- None CHAPTER 1813:
- None Queen v. Hepburn, 11 U.S. 290 (1813) (Early hearsay concerns)
- None (Placeholder - State cases are currently mixed into Federal by year)
IV. Scholarship [slug: volume-iv-scholarship]
- None CHAPTER 2024:
- None Richard D. Friedman, A Proposal to Replace the Hearsay Rules (2024) (Reform proposal)
- None CHAPTER (YEAR UNKNOWN/GENERAL):
- None Hillel J. Bavli, An Objective-Chance Exception to the Rule Against Character Evidence
- None Teneille Brown, The Content of Our Character
- None Edward K. Cheng, G. Alexander Nunn & Julia Simon-Kerr, Bending the Rules of Evidence
- None Laurence H. Tribe, Triangulating Hearsay
- None Roger C. Park, "I Didn't Tell Them Anything About You"': Implied Assertions as Hearsay Under the Federal Rules of Evidence
- None D. Michael Risinger, et al., Exorcism of Ignorance as a Proxy for Rational Knowledge: The Lessons of Handwriting Identification Expertise
- None Edward K. Cheng, The Consensus Rule: A New Approach to Expert Evidence
- None Cheng & Mannion, Unravelling Williams v. Illinois (Analysis)
- None Mark Spottswood, Order of Proof
V. Academics [slug: volume-v-academics]
- None (Placeholder for Scholar Profiles)
- None APPENDICES
- None Appendix A: Practice Guides
- None Appendix Chapter A: Practical Tools: Checklists, Samples, and Forms
- None A.1.1: Objections Checklist
- None A.1.2: Authentication Checklist (by Evidence Type)
- None A.1.3: Hearsay Exceptions/Exclusions Checklist
- None A.1.4: Expert Testimony Foundation Checklist
- None A.2.1: Motion in Limine (Example)
- None A.2.2: Motion to Suppress (Example)
- None A.2.3: Notice of Intent to Use FRE 404(b) Evidence
- None A.3.1: Direct Examination (Example Witness)
- None A.3.2: Cross-Examination (Example Witness)
- None A.3.3: Foundational Questions for Exhibits
- None A.4.1: Sample Summary Chart (FRE 1006)
- None A.4.2: Example Timeline or Infographic

Revision History for: Balancing Fairness Efficiency And Policy

Note: This feature is currently under development. The history displayed below is placeholder data.

Timestamp	Editor	Summary
2025-04-10 09:00:00	System	Initial creation (Placeholder)
2025-04-09 15:30:00	System	Minor typo fix (Placeholder)

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AI for Evidence Law

nunn.ai is the premier AI-powered resource for evidence law. The system provides users—students, attorneys, academics, and judges—with accurate and detailed answers to queries related to U.S. evidence law, drawing upon the Federal Rules of Evidence, major case precedents, and scholarly research. Users can engage in multi-turn dialogues, upload files (e.g., PDFs or Word docs), and receive instructive, professor-like explanations that are both substantive and approachable.

Under the hood, nunn.ai operates as a sophisticated Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system built upon Claude, OpenAI, and Perplexity frameworks, deploying different models depending on the specific demands of each query. The platform is specifically engineered to prevent the hallucination, misattribution, and plagiarism that plagues other AI systems. All open source materials are properly cited in answers, providing transparency and authority. Moreover, responses are bolstered by self-created proprietary documents guiding evidence analysis, ensuring the platform delivers accurate, nuanced legal information that truly reflects the current state of evidence law.

The results speak for themselves: nunn.ai's PRO mode achieved industry leading accuracy on evidence MBE questions during our most recent calibration testing. The system excels at retrieving up-to-date information about evidence law developments quickly and efficiently. In comparative testing, nunn.ai consistently outperforms every other AI platform when responding to evidence law questions, delivering higher accuracy, more relevant citations, and more nuanced analysis of complex legal concepts.

About the Creator

Hi! I'm Alex Nunn. As a law professor specializing in evidence law, I created nunn.ai to make one of the most complext topics in law accessible to everyone—from my law students to practicing attorneys to judges.

The idea for nunn.ai emerged from a simple observation: evidence law is notoriously difficult for students and practitioners alike, yet mastering it is essential for effective legal advocacy. As someone who's always been interested in technology and innovation (and who occasionally codes as a hobby), I saw an opportunity to combine my legal expertise with advances in AI to create something truly useful. And, after months of tireless coding, nunn.ai was born, providing a powerful resource for making evidence law answers quickly and accurately accessible for all.

What started as a side project quickly grew into a platform that's now used by law students, attorneys, academics, and judges across the country. nunn.ai represents my belief that legal knowledge should be accessible, understandable, and practical. I'm constantly working to improve it based on user feedback and evolving needs in legal education and practice. Feel free to reach out with questions, suggestions, or just to connect!

Want to learn more about my background and research? Feel free to download my CV or reach out directly.

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Revision History for: Balancing Fairness Efficiency And Policy

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Revision History for: Balancing Fairness Efficiency And Policy

G. Alexander Nunn, J.D., Ph.D.

AI for Evidence Law

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